Quantum computing is an increasingly tangible and accessible technology that has now emerged in enterprise environments.

QUANTUM COLOCATION:

NOVEMBER 2023 OXFORDQUANTUMCIRCUITS.COM @OXFORDQCIRCUITS

TRANSFORMING OUR DIGITAL WORLD

This whitepaper is the result of commitment and contribution from the OQC team.

A special thank you to the OQC staff who worked on this content: Ilana Wisby, CEO; Simon Phillips, OQC CTO; Katy Alexander, Snr Marketing Specialist; Abbie-Rose Curbison, Marketing Specialist, Owen Arnold, Lead Software Engineer; Jonathan Burnett, Lead of Quantum Systems; Jamie Friel, Complier Team Manager; Ines Juvan-Beaulieu, Partnerships Specialist

OQC Thames Valley Science Park, Shinfield Reading RG2 9LH, United Kingdom

oxfordquantumcircuits.com hello@oxfordquantumcircuits.com

An additional thank you to our partners for their inclusions and our ongoing work together: Equinix, Cyxtera, NVIDIA, Oxford Instruments, and Fujitsu.

Finally, an enormous thank you to each and every team member at OQC whose dedication, determination, and awe-inspiring knowledge enables OQC to achieve remarkable progress in quantum and every day drives us closer to changing the world for the better.

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Decrypting the commercial quantum enigma

Building a quantum computing ecosystem

Pioneering quantum colocation

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From technical labs to your fingertips: enterprise-ready quantum

Table of contents

Continuing the quantum innovation

UNSUSTAINABLE TRENDS

Estimates of zetta-flop scale computers predictions are between 1- 20 GW of power - the UK National grid is between 15-60 GW.

The energy efficiency of computing, or gigaflop- per-watt, has doubled every 2 to 2 ½ years. 2

Decrypting the commercial quantum enigma

OXFORDQUANTUMCIRCUITS.COM PAGE 01

Quantum computing is an increasingly tangible and accessible technology that has now emerged in enterprise environments, thanks to the world- first integration of quantum into global data centres by Oxford Quantum Circuits (OQC).

The technological world is continuously developing, and we have enabled the quantum computing paradigm to shift maturity by actively integrating with modern digital infrastructure as a paramount design consideration. We have taken quantum computers from laboratory environments to commercial facilities to enable real-world applications, with the help of colocation data centres.

Their established networks and secure connection to commercial end-users create seamless integrations of quantum into their customers digital infrastructure, whilst their robust and scalable setup provides the optimum environment to utilise the power of quantum computing, allowing easy, secure access that will enable life-changing discoveries.

Organisations around the world are

facing limitations with power consumption , research budgets, and compute capabilities; and the current trends are unsustainable. We are increasingly reliant on an infrastructure that can not support the world's growing computational needs with supercomputing performance alone; accounting for CPUs and GPUs which are doubling every 1.2 years .

There is an imperative need to look at new ways of processing information and quantum computing is an increasingly promising field.

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This is pushing data centres to face a critical need to scale their infrastructures to accommodate the surge and future-proof their capabilities, which will require innovations in storage, networking, and computing technologies.

Data centres will need to embrace innovation in technology, sustainability, security, scaling of data or requirements, and flexibility: the entirety of which is enabled by quantum computing.

WHAT IS A DATA CENTRE? Simply stated, it is a centralised facility that is used by organisations across a variety of industries to manage, process, disseminate and most importantly, securely store large amounts of data and applications.

They were designed to guarantee the continuous operation of IT infrastructures that provide essential services to power our digital world.

These centres physically house a range of critical IT equipment, from servers and networking devices to storage systems and security devices. The existing 10,000+ data centres, across 15 countries demonstrate the pivotal role they play in modern business operations and the global digital ecosystem.

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Colocation facilities are a specific type of data centre that lease space to a client company to store their infrastructure while also providing the option to manage and monitor the services on their behalf. Not only does this allow for different computing modalities and services to be colocated, but it also fosters the ability to form secure ecosystems. This is extremely valuable to companies with large geographical footprints while providing a multitude of other benefits, such as the need for fewer technical in-house staff, predictable expenses, lower costs, easy scalability and exceptional reliability.

All of which provides the optimum premise to merge quantum computing into their pre-existing infrastructure.

WHAT IS COLOCATION?

For quantum computing to be genuinely accessible and fully realise its potential it simply cannot work in isolation.

Dr. Ilana Wisby, OQC CEO

Quantum computers are a new generation of problem solving machines, originally theorised by Richard Feynman in the 1980s and by 1999, researchers had published the first demonstration of a superconducting qubit.

Based on the principles of quantum mechanics, quantum computers perform tasks that classical computers cannot, with theoretical exponential time complexity gains.

This phenomenon has the potential to revolutionise every sector, with infinite possibilities of problem solving through faster and more nuanced information processing.

The economic impact of quantum computing is boundless, with research by McKinsey anticipating automotive, chemicals, financial services, and life sciences to have the earliest economic impact - standing to potentially gain up to $1.3 trillion in value by 2035.

WHAT IS QUANTUM COMPUTING?

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A critical piece of the quantum puzzle is solved by our core innovation technology: the Coaxmon. The Coaxmon has a three-dimensional architecture that brings key componentry off-chip for vastly increased simplicity, flexibility, engineerability and – crucially – scalability.

OQC’S UNIQUE ADVANCEMENT

This ultimately allows our team to scale our key technologies without any compromise on quality, alongside low cross talk, creating better coherence and fidelities than an in- plane equivalent. Other planar approaches to quantum computers require additional complexity to scale which therefore affects fidelity, cross talk and other performance parameters. Our Coaxmon is an incredibly unique achievement in the world of quantum computers.

Perspectively, enterprise workflows require colocation with modern digital infrastructure, which means such integration can become a design constraint of a useful quantum computer. Our unique Coaxmon and surrounding design choices have manifested in a quantum system that is resilient to non-laboratory environments. All of which provides the optimum premise to merge quantum computing into their pre- existing infrastructure.

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Nature isn’t classical and if you want to make a simulation of nature, you’d better make it quantum mechanical.

Richard Feynman

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CLASSICAL V QUANTUM The significant difference between classical (super-)computers and quantum computers is the units of information and how they are processed. The fundamental units of information for classical compute, known as ‘bits’, are represented as either a 0 or 1 and can only exist in one of these states at a time.

These classical bits also showcase an energy intensive nature, which means trillions of transistors are required to manifest in ‘useful’ computation. Adding additional transistors does not have a simple relationship to improve performance: the resource towards classical computing year- on-year amounts to 100s of billions, highlighting just how complex the engineering is.

Comparatively, quantum computers units of information, known as ‘qubits’, can exist between 0 and 1 within a probability: this is known as a superposition.

Interestingly, current research into classical analogue computers is renewing increasingly with the same target application as this - but is yet to be established.

As a scenario, imagine having a large dataset with millions of records and you need to find one specific record based on a range of possible criteria: a classical computer would search each record one by one, while a quantum computer can run algorithms to find the required records thousands of times faster. This not only reduces time, but is significantly more cost and energy efficient.

Quantum technology is still in its infancy and some might say it was too early to put them in data centres… We disagree!

We have proven that our quantum computers are ready to colocate side by side with customer servers within data centres.

We are building the equipment and supporting the skill-building that is needed for the technology to flourish and be applicable to real-world problems. Quantum computing is no longer theory and is a reality that businesses need to prepare for outside of finding new algorithms and instead by understanding its potential for use with real business data and training workforces to manage the possibilities quantum computing offers.

By deploying our quantum computers into established data centres we are providing businesses and organisations worldwide with the opportunity to build their capabilities and actively use quantum - and we are the only ones executing that strategy.

We sought to minimise the quantum divide and pursue a balance that ensures the world’s most powerful machines can be used safely and accessed seamlessly, without hurdles.

Scaling quantum computing is not just about increasing the number of qubits on a chip; it's being able to meet the demands of customers and that means reproducibly putting quantum computers into data centres. Solving this has been one of the most epic challenges OQC has undertaken to date. It has taken several teams more than a year to get this right. Now we have built that knowledge and have developed several proprietary elements to make it possible.

With this experience, we can now replicate the quantum computing integration and connect to thousands of customers, eliminating the need for customers to access quantum computers via any on-prem activity, or even public internet.

Building a quantum computing ecosystem

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By partnering with data centres, we have become a platform provider, easing the customer experience. It’s frictionless.

Simon Phillips, OQC CTO

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In addition to our software and quantum engineering know-how, we now speak a common language with the rest of IT. We are able to talk about network connectivity, different interfaces, and compliance; an occurrence that until recently seemed impossible due to the sensitive and complex nature of quantum.

A key aspect of creating the best solution for customers is through imperative upskilling both within businesses and a wider economic need to upscale. This is remedied not just by introducing new quantum skills into a business but utilising skills already in-house to mitigate any future skill gaps.

OQC supports this across multiple businesses and industries by providing access to quantum computing that is essential to help businesses in preparing to upskill their workforces and prepare for a quantum future.

Similarly, data centre teams acquire skills through the integration of new technologies, which supports them in handling aspects of the computers such as cryogenics.

Due to incorporating a wide range of skill sets and perspectives on both sides of the R&D lab door, we are able to provide the best usability; from the labs, to the data centres, and right through to the customers’ infrastructure.

Many businesses discussed utilising deep-tech such as AI, but did not prepare or upskill for it’s integration. This has created significant skill and capability gaps across many industries. We don’t need to make the same mistake with quantum.

By housing quantum computers, data centres are offering more than a solution to the physical infrastructure challenge by helping to institute a digital landscape where classical and quantum computing meet (by colocating) with one another. This integration potential is a tangible stride towards making quantum computing more accessible, thereby accelerating the pace at which industries can experiment with quantum computing to then harness the potential quantum advantage for real-world applications.

The relationship between data centres and quantum computing is a cornerstone of innovation, solving complex problems, and ultimately, propelling the global digital transformation agenda forward.

Major players in the colocation market do more than just supply the physical platforms, cooling, power, network and space (though these are important). They also provide software defined infrastructure and services, metros, and host a range of solutions that are unobtainable outside the ecosystem, such as cloud direct connects.

For quantum to have business impact, we realised that it had to take quantum computing 'out of the lab' and provide 24/7 quantum with power redundancy, reliance, and reliable network connections.

Pioneering quantum colocation

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WHY COLOCATION? Utilising data centres to house critical IT infrastructure enables businesses to focus on core operations while leveraging advanced, reliable, and secure data management capabilities.

THE WORLD’S FIRST

QUANTUM COLOCATION

We have achieved a world- first by integrating our quantum computer into a global leading data centre. By choosing to colocate our technology with established systems, we were able to bring quality, secure and easily- accessible quantum computing to end users without having to change their digital infrastructure.

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The solution was to utilise the setups that already existed in colocation data centres, where we could create a direct, secure connection to customers' existing infrastructure.

Our strategic partnerships with world-leading data centres have enabled us to integrate our unique enterprise-ready quantum computers into colocation centres. From here, we can utilise the available high-performance network connectivity and provide seamless access to quantum power, regardless of geographical location.

A key hesitation of exploring quantum commercially was the security of data moving from data centres via the cloud to a quantum computer. By deploying our computer into the data centre itself, customer data remains secure and businesses have the ability to experience and learn quantum first-hand.

The pre-existing IT infrastructure, coupled with stable, redundant power systems, alleviates the need for organisations to invest millions into facilities and significantly reduce risks related to moving data. Comparatively, a laboratory environment is unable to provide a level of trust or connection sufficient enough in the same way a quantum computing facility cannot become a 'quantum data centre' just by adopting the appearance of a data centre: colocation is the only path to the integration of quantum computing within the modern digital infrastructure paradigm.

The connected world is built on high- trust within a digital infrastructure - built and maintained by ecosystems of hyperscalers, colocation providers and more. This trust is derived from physical and digital security, adoption of standards, adherence to maintenance protocols to facilitate stringent SLAs, and the ability to audit connectivity across carriers, across data centres and also within data centres.

REMOVING BARRIERS This world-first integration of quantum computing into separate colocation facilities with two partners dismantles technical, financial, and geographical barriers: offering every enterprise a chance to seize a competitive edge and build their quantum capabilities. It’s not just about unlocking doors to quantum benefits; it’s about laying down a practical, accessible pathway for enterprises to stride boldly into a quantum-empowered future.

Thanks to these pioneering partnerships, we will give customers direct access to our latest quantum computer —within their data centres, at the click of a button.

Dr Ilana Wisby, OQC CEO

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COLLABORATING WITH COLOCATION DATA CENTRES

Quantum computing is undoubtedly recognised as a critical element of business transformation, yet few have ventured out of research and development to place the powerful tool at the hands of businesses.

This is why, while focusing on essential research and development, OQC also endeavoured to achieve commercial integration of quantum, by deploying the world’s first quantum computer within a colocation facility, paving the way for Quantum Computing as a Service (QCaaS). By partnering with renowned global colocation data centres we were able to strategically place our quantum computers into established data centres.

OUR COLOCATION MODEL OQC's colocation model is designed to support complete data sovereignty. By encapsulating both the physical quantum computer and auxiliary services inside the colocation environment, customers never need to send data over the public internet.

Not only is this better from a security perspective, it ensures much lower round-trip times via fewer hops and higher bandwidth on dedicated connections.

OQC's initial testing of these solutions show a x2 improvement on roundtrip times. There are many other exciting further options for improving this.

At the start of 2023, OQC partnered with Equnix to make one of the most powerful quantum computers available via colocation and interconnection services on Platform Equinix®. This was a phenomenal step in bringing quantum into the hands of humanity as Equinix is the world’s digital infrastructure company.

10,000+ business leaders harness Equinix’s trusted global platform to bring together and interconnect the foundational infrastructure that powers their success—sustainably and securely.

OQC Toshiko, has been deployed into the TY11 Equinix IBX® data centre in Tokyo. TY11 employs specialised vibration-damping technologies, including anti-vibration pads and seismic bracing, to mitigate vibrations caused by nearby construction or natural events like earthquakes. These measures guarantee the stability of the device. Another vital aspect of TY11 is the incorporation of electromagnetic shielding in its infrastructure: electrical noise and magnetic noise, generated by electrical devices and electromagnetic interference, respectively, can adversely affect sensitive electronic components.

Empowering Equinix customers

When considering the monumental power consumption of data and data centres, OQC realised that while quantum is key in creating a brighter, energy efficient future, we needed to partner with businesses that understand their impact on the planet and have a desire to improve it.

Leading this initiative is Equinix, who became the first company in the data centre industry to commit to being climate neutral globally by 2030 which reflects the significant role they play in greening their customers’ digital supply chain and evolving needs of their stakeholders.

PRIORITISING SUSTAINABILITY

Equinix Japan is pleased to host on Platform Equinix® one of OQC's most powerful quantum computers to date, OQC Toshiko, named after Japan's pioneering female physicist Toshiko Yuasa. OQC's goal of offering Quantum Computing as a Service aligns with Equinix’s vision of delivering breakthrough technologies while ensuring a more accessible, inclusive and sustainable future for communities around the world.

Kuniko Ogawa, Managing Director, Equinix Japan

Japan is well known for its technological innovation, skilled workforces, and robust infrastructure. With pioneering experiments in the early 1990s, Japan has emerged as a frontrunner in quantum research.

This, alongside a growing demand for high-performance computing capabilities, fueled by sectors such as finance, healthcare, and research, presented an ideal environment for implementing quantum technology.

OQC and Equinix, recognised the market potential and strategically chose Japan as the location for OQC Toshiko.

WHY JAPAN?

From technical labs to your fingertips: enterprise-ready quantum

Quantum computing is recognised as the next frontier for business transformation and OQC’s mission is to put quantum in the hands of humanity. By deploying a quantum computer within a colocation facility, OQC achieved a world-first that allowed us to enhance and expand our Quantum Compute-as-a-Service (QCaaS) offer to customers.

However, transitioning quantum computing from an R&D lab to a commercial environment entailed overcoming unique challenges, inherent to quantum devices.

For instance, due to distinct infrastructure requirements of quantum computers, a special power setup, advanced cooling systems and a vibration insulating structure was needed to mitigate the risks of quantum errors. In addition, rigorous penetration tests are conducted by OQC on a regular basis to ensure the quantum computer's adherence to stringent security standards.

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THE CHALLENGE OF COMMERCIAL

Transitioning quantum from a

theoretical research position into a

commercial capability, came with

challenges outside of the

technology itself. Our teams

carefully considered every aspect

of the hardware setup, including

the vitally important cryogenics.

Although an established and commercially-ready technology, cryogenics can be seen as a challenge as quantum requires precise temperatures that are provided by cryogenics. Specifically, pulse tube-based cryogenic technology is common across all quantum computing modalities - in superconducting qubits systems it powers the dilution refrigerator and in photonic or trapped ion systems it cools the superconducting single photon detectors.

INSTALLING THE FUTURE

Our mission is to break down the barriers to utilise quantum computing. We do so by providing multiple access options: we offer quantum through the cloud, through direct access in data centres or, in time, through software applications that businesses currently use.

We call this offering enterprise- ready quantum computing: this means that no matter an organisation's workflow, they will be able to access quantum in the best way possible for their business.

We understand that technology will continue to develop, which is why our systems and QPUs are upgradeable; ensuring that the workflows that businesses build today will be ready for the future.

Dr Ilana Wisby, OQC CEO

OUR ENTERPRISE-READY QUANTUM SOLUTIONS

ACCESSIBLE

Open Swim - No exclusive queues and over 2000+ hrs on Private QCaaS

OXFORDQUANTUMCIRCUITS.COM

SECURE No compromise is made to your data security, maturity & compliance to data centre standards.

REPRODUCIBLE

Enterprise-centric System design, a workflow built today will work tomorrow

RESILIENT Carrier class networks, N+1 redundancy & backup of power and network

RELIABLE

Uptime at or exceeding 95% across 330+ weekdays

For the future of quantum to thrive, we aim to achieve/offer the following as part of our enterprise ready quantum solutions:

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It was great to see industry recognition for the hard work and ingenuity of both teams in bringing quantum computing directly to clients in the LHR3 Reading data centre.”

Charlie Bernard, Director Growth Strategy EMEA, Cyxtera

In 2022, we announced the world's first integration of a quantum computer into a colocation data center. This project marked a significant step forward, taking quantum computing out of the lab and into a fully managed, industry- ready environment. It's a move that prioritises security, interconnectivity, network bandwidth, and redundant infrastructure – critical elements as quantum technology matures.

This project won the ‘European Data Centre Project of the Year’ award, for pushing the boundaries of data center design and construction with innovative new technologies, and novel engineering, and construction strategies.

Award-winning quantum solutions

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The LHR3 data centre in Reading is home to the company’s new AI + Quantum Centre of Excellence (COE) that serves as a testing and activation hub for companies exploring how to leverage AI and quantum computing in their environments. By providing access to technology providers and strategic partners they have established a secure testing lab for AI and quantum workloads.

As co-recipients of the 'European Data Centre Project of the Year' award, we celebrate not only an accomplishment but a pivotal moment in the evolution of quantum computing.

BUILDING THE QUANTUM FUTURE This recognition highlights our dedication to innovation and positive change. By seamlessly integrating quantum computing into existing digital operations, we're not just setting a precedent; we're laying the groundwork for the practical application of quantum computing in the real world.

THE EVOLUTION AND EXCELLENCE OF HPCS

OXFORDQUANTUMCIRCUITS.COM

HOW IS IT EVOLVING?

The inclusion of quantum computers alongside classical computers inside data centres is influenced by the ever-increasing volume of data generated and processed globally. As HPC applications are increasingly leveraged to explore more complex scientific simulations, weather forecasting, and financial modelling, there is a heightened demand for computational power which requires advanced hardware, commonly termed ‘accelerators’, such as graphical processing units (GPUs), to support these HPC workloads. Moreover, HPCs boast processing competencies that have been integral in supporting the computations required by machine learning algorithms and real-time data analytics.

High Performance Computing (HPC) is represented by supercomputers housing millions of processors and providing users with the ability to combine the power of multiple processors operating in parallel. This enables operation at speed: over a million times faster than the most powerful desktop .

Traditionally, HPC resided in supercomputers, however research institutions, governments, and businesses are now using high speed computer servers, either housed on premise or in the cloud.

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POWER IN COLLABORATION In order to break down the barriers to access of quantum computing, we collaborated with suppliers to augment applications with quantum capabilities . Using NVIDIA CUDA Quantum — an open-source platform for integrating and programming QPUs, GPUs, and CPUs in one system.

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NVIDIA’s technical expertise in heterogeneous compute is longstanding. In the last few years, NVIDIA has developed a unified programming model (classical, quantum) around standard C++ with additional blocks for QPU kernel- specific code. This is ripe for the fields of HPC-enabled scientific discovery and simulation.

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Together with Fujitsu we work to develop and provide accessible, seamless quantum computing services to their customers. Fujitsu is co-located in our cage with their digital annealer, where we are working together on a High Powered Compute integration. Earlier this year, we also worked in partnership with Fujitsu and CESGA, where we installed our world-leading 32 qubit system with their HPC infrastructure to deliver advanced compute for researchers and businesses across Spain.

Collaborating with companies such as NVIDIA and Fujitsu perfectly demonstrates that the true power of innovation resides in the convergence of diverse perspectives and expertise. At OQC, we believe deeply in this fundamental principle, and it is one of our guiding principles: “Build the core; partner with the best”

OQC's introduction of OQC Toshiko in HPC and data centers represents a significant milestone in quantum computing accessibility. It's a notable advancement in making quantum computational resources more attainable and interconnected for scholarly and industrial applications.

Javier Mancilla, CEO, Stafford Computing

Building with the future in mind

OXFORDQUANTUMCIRCUITS.COM

Data centres consume significant amounts of energy and are estimated to be responsible for up to 3% of today’s global electricity consumption, with projections to reach 4% by 2030 .

According to a recent report by Savills power capacity will total 9,000MW by 2025, but the number of data centres will need to increase by almost 2.5 times in order to meet demand. In other words, more than 3,000 new sites across Europe will be needed to satisfy the volume of traffic expected to route through edge, colocation and hyperscale facilities by the middle of the decade. To address environmental concerns, there is a growing emphasis on sustainable practices, including energy-efficient hardware, renewable energy sources, and innovative cooling solutions.

ENERGY CONSUMPTION

EVER-GROWING DATA The exponential growth of data processing requirements is just going to exacerbate the increase in energy consumption. Unlike classical computers, quantum computers

exhibit the potential to be incredibly power efficient because they can handle large computational tasks with significantly reduced energy consumption. This quantum perspective opens up the potential of a future where data centres could play a pivotal role in not just sustainable technology adoption but also supporting the use cases that enable a cleaner, greener future. Data centres that are exploring the synergy between advanced AI-driven services and quantum computing can unlock new dimensions of efficiency, accuracy, and innovation.

The growing amount of energy consumed by training large language models, are estimated to have grown by a factor of 300,000 in six years, with AI model size doubling every 3.4 months.

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TECHNOLOGY WITH PURPOSE OQC’s emerging technology will support the implementation of customer and partner sustainability goals, and address the world’s urgent sustainability challenges by enabling:

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The reduction in the energy use of data centres and servers

The reduction in energy required for complex computations even as demand continues to rise in AI, optimization, simulation and more

Acceleration of the development of new applications to address global sustainability such as carbon capture and battery development

Minimisation of quantum computing’s own potential environmental impact

We build with sustainability in mind so we can scale effortlessly. In time, we aim to connect our quantum computers in data centres across the globe so that from a tiny quantum computing system, customers will be able to run multiple, large tasks in a secure, energy-efficient and sustainable way.

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The growing amount of energy consumed by training large language models, are estimated to have grown by a factor of 300,000 in six years - with AI model size doubling every 3.4 months.

CRYOGENICS

A dilution refrigerator is a cryogenic platform that can cool bulk materials to temperatures around 10 mK (1 thousandth of a degree above absolute zero). The cooling comes from two stages:

The first stage is based on a cryocooler to reach a few kelvin (a few degrees above absolute zero) that alternates between compression and expansion of a cryogenic fluid - the principle is exactly the same as the operation of a domestic refrigerator

The second stage is based on the dilute mixture of two isotopes of helium: He3 & He4

In practice, all cryogenic platforms use a vacuum chamber to isolate various cold-stages from the ambient environment. Within quantum computing modalities, cryogenic platforms are used in one of two ways:

Microwave based platforms use cryogenics to cool the quantum chips which contain superconducting qubits, or semiconducting qubits, or topological qubit structures.

For many modalities of quantum computing, using cryogenics is instrumental to being able to achieve the necessary conditions for reducing decoherence and minimising noise.

Installing our dilution refrigerators into data centres with OQC was a first of its kind installation!

Harriet van der Vliet, Quantum Technologies Product Manager, Oxford Instruments

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A cryocooler typically uses 10 kW of power. When you combine the rest of the OQC Toshiko quantum computing system (i.e. the networking, control and diagnostics) the total consumption rises to approximately 25 kW. To contextualise this, a modern data centre aims to capacity plan for 1 cabinet at 20 kW and new technologies such as immersion cooling target the per cabinet power consumption rising to 50 kW.

These increasing rates of power consumption stem from classical computing having almost plateaued in performance per watt - effectively meaning more power requires more power. By contrast, a superconducting quantum computer, the main power consumption relates to the cryocooler, however as you increase the size of the quantum computer, you do not as quickly require extra cooling.

Optical based platforms use cryogenics to cool superconducting single photon detectors which are the most sensitive photon detectors available and provide readout of trapped-ion, neutral-atom or photonic based quantum computers.

COOLER FOR QUANTUM AND THE PLANET We were excited to bring quantum computers and therefore cryogenic platforms to data centres, however this integration was not as challenging as might be expected: compliance testing of assemblies and systems was the most challenging aspect.

Within the description of cryogenic platforms above, the most power intensive part is the cryocooler that is common across all quantum computing use cases.

Some companies are focused on building the 1M qubit system. We are putting high performance on smaller, stronger, more reliable quantum computers that together provide much higher performance.”

Simon Phillips, OQC CTO

Continuing the quantum innovation

The alliance between OQC and colocation data centres catapults businesses straight into the quantum era. This world-first integration of quantum computing in a colocation facility dismantles technical, financial, and geographical barriers, offering every enterprise a chance to seize a competitive edge.

Now, any business with internet connectivity can harness the quantum advantage, thanks to this trailblazing initiative. It's not just about unlocking doors to quantum benefits; it's about laying down a practical, accessible pathway for enterprises to stride boldly into a quantum-empowered realm.

We can now scale this effortlessly with our integrations and in time we can grow our network of quantum computers in appropriate regions/countries, making the possibilities that enterprise ready quantum computing will create for the world, endless.

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QIR

Ope nPulse

OpenQASM v2.0

OQC TOSHIKO OQC Toshiko Gen 1 is the world’s first enterprise-ready platform. It operates on superconducting qubits implemented within a coaxmon architecture. Gen1 has 32 addressable qubits arranged within a lattice featuring 2:1 and 3:1 qubit couplings. OQC Toshiko launches with QIR, OpenPulse and OpenQASM v2.0 support, with features towards OpenQASM v3.0 becoming available across the lifetime of the Toshiko platform.

LANGUAGE FEATURES

SYSTEM

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FAMILY

NAMES

ENVIRONMENT

GENERATION

TYPE

NUMBER OF QUBITS

DATE DEPLOYED

TOSHIKO 1

LONDON-1

TOKYO-1

ENTERPRISE LHR3

ENTERPRISE EQUINIX IBX TY11

GEN 1

SUPERCONDUCTING CIRCUIT

UNIVERSAL GATE-BASED

32

NOV 2023

Our 32 qubit computer is named after Japanese nuclear physicist Toshiko Yuasa. Toshiko was the first Japanese female physicist and is widely celebrated as a role model for Japanese women in science. In 1976, Toshiko was awarded the Japanese Medal with Purple Ribbon for her scientific research.

We are putting high performance on smaller, stronger, more reliable quantum computers. Together, they provide more power and quality performance.”

Simon Phillips, OQC CTO

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Founded in 2017, we built on the work of Dr Peter Leek who developed OQC’s core patent.

Our aim is to build a quantum enabled future - and this means providing enterprise ready quantum solutions so that companies can access quantum seamlessly.

Quantum computing-as-a-service (QCaaS) gives businesses access to our quantum computers via the cloud or directly via their data centre, so they can experiment and learn with the technology without having to buy or own one.

About OQC VALUES DRIVEN We believe that a business can be successful, entrepreneurial and ethical at the same time.

We want to deliver positive change, and we want to inspire the next generation, a diverse generation, through a values driven, high- performance team within a dynamic culture working at the cutting edge of science.

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QCaaS

1. The First Peeks At The DOE Post- Exascale Supercomputers - Next Platform | Oct 2023

2. A Zettascale Computer Today Would Need 21 Nuclear Power Plants, By Agam Shah - HPC | Feb 2023

3. Data Centres Worldwide - Statista | 2023

4. Technology Trends Outlook -McKinsey | 2023

5. What is High Performance Computing? - Hewlett Packard | 2023

6. The Power of Collaboration - Oxford Quantum Circuits | 2023

7. OQC CUDA Quantum - NVIDIA | 2023

8. Data Centres Energy Efficiency Predictions - DataCentre Magazine | 2023

9. Data Centre Demands in Europe - Savills | 2023

SOURCES & REFERENCES

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